Heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of water-Fe3O4/CNT hybrid magnetic nanofluid flow in a trapezoidal wavy enclosure containing porous media with the Galerkin finite element method

The present study addresses theoretically and computationally the performance of electrically conducting water-Fe3O4/CNT hybrid nanofluid in three-dimensional free convection entropy generation a wavy-walled trapezoidal enclosure. enclosure has two layers—a nanoliquid layer permeable medium layer. A transverse magnetic field is acting upward direction. Newtonian flow considered, modified Navier–Stokes equations are employed with Lorentz hydromagnetic body force, Darcian Forchheimer drag force terms. wavy side walls heated while top vertical adiabatic. An elliptic cylindrical cooled fin positioned at center cavity, several different tilting angles considered. transformed, non-dimensional systems coupled nonlinear partial differential their corresponding boundary conditions solved numerically Galerkin Finite Element Method (FEM) using COMSOL Multiphysics software platform. impact Darcy number, Hartmann volume fraction, undulation number wall Rayleigh (thermal buoyancy parameter) on streamlines, isotherms Bejan contours investigated. Extensive visualization thermal characteristics included. With increasing numbers, average reduced strongly whereas Nusselt only depleted significantly very high values numbers. slight elevation intermediate numbers noticed, substantially boosted, effect maximized where was increased by 35%. increment (i.e., reduction permeability porous layer) observed to considerably elevate up 20%, contrary response computed it showed 10 times. simulations apply fuel cells electromagnetic nanomaterials processing cavities.